2013年货运代理考试《货代英语》辅导讲义第一章
了解: Definition and Importance, Barriers to International Trade
熟悉: Differences between International Trade and Domestic
Trade, WTO
掌握: Risks in International Trade, Steps of International Trade
二）考试内容：
1. Definition and Importance
2. Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade
3. Risks in International Trade
4. World Trade Organization
5. Barriers to International Trade
6. Steps of International Trade
2. Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade
International trade is typically more costly（成本高） than domestic trade.(reason: additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to board delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, culture. )
The factors of production（ 生产要素）are typically more mobile （流动）within a country than across countries. (International trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and service).
International trade is also a branch of economics, which together with international finance, forms the large branch of international economics.
3. Risks in International Trade
Economic risks
(1)insolvency （破产）of the buyer; (2)the failure of the buyer to pay the amount; (3)non-acceptance;(4) exchange rate, etc.
Political risks
(1)cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses ; (2)war risks; (3)expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s company; (4)risk of the imposition of an import ban （禁止进口）after the shipment of the goods;(5) transfer risk—imposition of exchange controls （外汇管制） by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages; (6)influence of political parties in importer’s company.
4.World Trade Organization
WTO definition（世贸组织）
It is best described as an umbrella organization （伞式组织）under which the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations（乌拉圭多边贸易谈判） are gathered.
WTO functionswww.Ｋaｏ8.ＣC
to implement, administer, and carry out WTO Agreement and it annexes;
to act as a forum for ongoing multilateral trade negotiations;
to serve as a tribunal for resolving disputes;
to review （评价、回顾）the trade policies and practices of member states.
5. Steps （步骤）of International Trade
Starting with market research
Seeking customers
Contact each other by sending inquiries
Status inquiry（询价状况）
Quotations or offers;acceptance or non acceptance
Order; contract
Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C ，receiving L/C
Preparation of goods by the seller
Inspection or survey of goods
Reserving shipping space（订舱）
Effecting insurance
Customs clearance
Shipping advice
Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary
Redemption of documents （赎单）under L/C
Customs clearance for import
Delivery of goods
Lodging and settling claims （索理赔）(if any)