2013年货运代理考试《货代英语》辅导讲义第七章
Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation
一）基本要求
了解：Transport geography
熟悉：Different Types of Shipping Services
掌握：Shipping Documents
二）考试内容：
1. Transport geography
2. Different Types of Shipping Services
2.1 Conference lines（班轮公会航线）
(1) definition
A shipping conference （班轮公会） is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provided a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of port of call.
(2) purpose
to eliminate price competition among member lines
to reduce outside competition
(3) advantages
to shippers are stability of freight rates and regularity of services.
(4) disadvantages
Rates are usually high.
Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand
Rates and procedures are inflexible.
2.2 Non-Conference lines
This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers.
2.3 Non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC)
An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier. He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services, particularly to small shipper who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.
2.4 Tramp service（不定期船运输）
Tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.
3. Shipping Documents
(1) The bill of lading
The bill of lading by itself is not a contract of carriage as it signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage. It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier. Besides, the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsement.
(2) Sea waybill
A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading. The waybill is a non-negotiable document and made out to a consignee who is allowed, upon production of proper identification, to claim the goods without presenting the waybill.
(3) Cargo manifest
A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board. The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent but the freight forwarder have to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.
(4) Shipping (Booking) note
A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space. It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.
(5) Delivery order
A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo from the vessel.
(6) Mate’s receipt
A mate’s receipt is the receipt issued by the mate in the acknowledgement of the goods received on board which is subsequently exchanged for the bill of lading.
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